The Public Perceptions Of Animal Research - 1303 Words

Ignorance is bliss. Animal research is one of those topics that, for most of us, we try not to think about. Most people recognize it as a necessity, but few accept it without hesitation. When asked about the subject of animal research people ponder the topic, and then want clarification. â€Å"What exactly is animal research?† â€Å"Is it animal testing?† â€Å"Where is the line between research/testing and cruelty?† The most common phrase I heard was â€Å"necessary evil.† We know that is goes on, but we aren’t completely comfortable knowing the details. Most people seemed to operate under the â€Å"out of sight, out of mind† mentality. But, once the questions are answered, and we stop skirting around the topic, and really ask ourselves how we feel about it. Where do we fall on the spectrum of acceptance? There have been many studies and poles that look at the public perceptions on animal research. The Gallup survey on Values and Beliefs sta rted collecting data here in the United States in 2001. They ask a simple question: Is medical testing on animals morally acceptable, or morally wrong? And in ten years they have watch the morally wrong numbers climb ten points. There are many reasons why this may be occurring, and one of the bigger drivers of that rise may be the increase in social media. A soapbox for those who want to be heard. Animal protection groups have, very successfully, utilized social media to spread their message. Celebrity endorsements of these groups also fuel the fire of theirShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experiments And Its Effects On Human Suffering And Improve The Quality Of Human Life826 Words   |  4 Pagespeople support animal experiment and believed the results of those testings can ease human suffering and improve the quality of human life (Kruse, 2001). Many medical achievements in the past century have depended directly or indirectly on animal researches. The develop of the treatment of diabetes, leukaemia and heart surgery transplants have been made possible largely through the use of animals in scientific researches. And 90% of the public accepted the need for the use of animals when certain researchRead MoreHuman Nature : Humans And Humans928 Words   |  4 Pagesshaping civilization. Animals, domesticated animals in particular, have not received proper credit for all they have done in shaping, developing and organizing society. As well as having an effect on the evolution and development of society, nonhuman animals undoubtably also have a significant effect on the way in which human beings interact. The social relationship between animals and humans will be examined, along with the social meanings that shape the role and status of animals in society. The relationshipsRead MoreThe Dairy Farmer, The Perception That The Public Has Affected Their Overall Wellbeing As A Company Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction For the modern dairy farmer, the perception that the public has regarding the industry has a significant impact on their overall wellbeing as a company. However, most people in modern society have little personal experience with farming, and their opinions are often based on second-hand information (Boogaard et al. 2010). In general people are more concerned with the welfare of the animals and want them to be able to display natural behaviours like grazing on pasture for most of theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned860 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The use of animals in research has created a diverse range of attitudes, as some individuals support the use of animals in research and others are against it. Sometimes people do not have enough background knowledge on this topic to be involved in a discussion of animal testing. Animal testing dates back to around 400 years ago, when one of the first famous researchers William Harvey was curious to discover how blood circulates around the body. The modern era of animal testing began aroundRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1278 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal testing or animal experimentation is the use of non-human species such as animals, in experiments to test the affect of controlled variables on the subjects behaviour or physical appearance. The use of animal testing in science is a controversial issue that has divided the public for many centuries; between immense passion and emotion from those opposing the practice, and those that preach its integral part in the advancem ent of science. The divide in the topic is between the scientific communityRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1603 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Animal testing is conducted every day for scientific research. About twenty-five million animals participate in experiments annually. These tests occur in order to determine how chemicals or products can affect a human body. Although the use of the animals has advanced scientific research, there is a worldwide debate on the belief that the use of animals in experiments is immoral. The US government did not require animal testing until a drug, elixir sulfanilamide, was put into certainRead MoreAnimal Abuse Is The Act Of Cruelty And Infliction Of Pain On Non Human Animals1120 Words   |  5 Pages1 Jonathan Corbin Ms. Powell English 1020 5 Nov, 2015 Animal Abuse Animal abuse is the act of cruelty and infliction of pain on non-human animals. Dogs are the most common victims of the abuse. How do you feel about people abusing poor, innocent animals? I strongly believe there should be a greater punishment for the crimes committed.The controversy has grown greatly in the last few years with the increase of most abuse cases. Animal rights activists are working hard to bring success intoRead MoreAnimal Testing Persuasive Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pages About 19,500,000 animals in total are killed in scientific research every year. This means that about twenty percent of the animals tested on each year die, which may not seem like a large percentage; however, if it is taken into account that this happens to the same species in an endless cycle, the numbers can begin to build. Although, through this process of testing, many lifesaving medicines have been created for all types of animals including humans. So, the issue the world is experiencing rightRead MoreStructure Of The Research: .Definition Of Brand Trust1494 Words   |  6 Pages Structure of the research: Definition of brand trust; Reasons for low brand trust in the marketing channels. What is brand misconduct according to the consumers? Brand equity’s and brand credibility’s role in building and maintaining brand trust; Negative publicity ; Reputational capital; Conclusion; Definition of brand trust: The human beings naturally seek fellows to trust, moreover the trust is the only bridge toward building any kind of relationship. The definition of trust, accordingRead MoreThe Medical Disaster Associated With Thalidomide Administration1231 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION In 1952, a drug named K17 was being developed in post-war Switzerland by drug company Ciba. Although intended for animals, it showed no effects on animals. This drug would be later developed by Chemie Grunenthal and be marketed as thalidomide, a mild sedative (alpha-phthalimido-glutarimide). Thalidomide would later go on to be primarily responsible for the deformity (Phocomelia) of tens of thousands of children across the world. The aim of this study is to highlight the medical disaster

Parental Involvement and Students Academic Achievement free essay sample

Time 1 assessed fathers and mothers participation of early parenting behaviors and parental school involvement and student achievement were assessed at time 2. There were several different measures used at time 1 which included; parent-child household centered activities (I. E. Washing dishes and preparing food), parent-child centered activities (I. E. Reading stories, playing games), parental limit setting, responsibility (who makes the childs appointments, etc. ) and affection (hugging and saying I love you). At time 2 there were only woo measures, parental involvement and student achievement.The results of the study proved that neither fathers nor mothers early parenting behaviors were found to be directly related to the academic achievement of students later on. But it does suggest that especially for fathers, those that were involved early on tend to continue to be involved with their child academically as they age. An assumption that I took from this study is that it is important to interact with your child early on in their lives and it is even more important to continue to be involved with their academics as they get older. We will write a custom essay sample on Parental Involvement and Students Academic Achievement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Literature is not innocent Essay Example

Literature is not innocent Essay Literature is not innocent. It is guilty and should admit itself so. What does Bataille mean by this, and is he justified? When Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights1 was published, it was deemed by many to be a story of sinister and evil content, and this view was especially centred on the character Heathcliff. Many readers, in general terms, would see the novel as guilty as opposed to innocent (it must be remembered here that Bataille uses the words guilty and innocent not with their everyday meanings, but with meanings that he constructs for the purpose of his argument), and this is perhaps why Georges Bataille chose to include it in his study, Literature and Evil2, and also why the title quote is so relevant to the book. But what does Bataille actually mean in this quote? What is his definition of innocent and guilty? Also, how does this relate to Wuthering Heights (the text we shall concentrate on here) and is Bataille justified in the conclusions he makes? It is important then to firstly attain a good idea of the meaning of Batailles terms, as a starting point for this essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature is not innocent specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literature is not innocent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literature is not innocent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When we think of the word innocent, the word good also comes to mind. Innocence is the state of having done nothing wrong, and so something that commits no wrongs must then be good, and therefore free from guilt. Bataille gives this utilitarian based view of Good; it is based on a common interest which entails consideration of the future3. So something that is not based on a common interest, and does not consider the future and consequences of itself cannot be classed as Good, or innocent, and so must be bad, and therefore can be said to be Evil. Something that is Good has limits, or restraints on it, to ensure it adheres to the rules of what Good is. So it must follow that Evil, in opposition to Good, lacks these restraints, and does not consider the future it merely exists in the moment it presents. This is why it is so relevant to literature when we read literature we are just existing in the moment of the novel it takes no consideration of anything but that moment that it presents. It allows us to explore this world, with no consequences. We are able to suspend our disbelief, and enter the mystical state4 of the novel that we can experience in this solitude. Also, if the content reveals a narrative where there are also no restraints, then this state is intensified. This is where Bataille makes a link with eroticism. In the sexual act, one concentrates simply on the moment, in a manner unique to our species, and nothing else at that point matters. We do not think of external constraints when experiencing sex or literature; both create a world in our minds opposite to that which we live in no constraints or consequences exist there. Bataille sees Evil and love to be closely related with each other. He states death seems to be the truth of love, just as love is the truth of death5. It seems he believes that inside love there has to be a recognition of death, because if you love another life, you are aware it will end, as all human experiences do, and so you recognise that your love is finite it is not unlimited. So love is therefore Good, as it at least has this limit imposed upon it. But perhaps its bad side can be said to be in its physical manifestation eroticism where the persons involved are living in that moment that it creates, and they are free of any limits; it is not done for any future benefit, but just for its own sake. So this could be said to be an evil part of love; but as we will see later, there has to be Evil for good to exist, so this paradox is inevitable. As we know, the love of Catherine and Heathcliff is the focus of Wuthering Heights, so there is much to be explored here the issue of the love presented in the novel, the status of the characters involved, and how this all relates to Batailles opinion on the guilt of literature in general. The character Heathcliff lives life by his own rules, and he sees no limits on himself or his actions he simply does what he wants simply because he can. Is he, then, Evil? It would seem so, as he does not comply with the rationality of the world we live in. Bataille even goes so far as to call him a sadist he hurts others because he knows he can, and he seems to take pleasure in this fact, or, at least, he is indifferent to the other characters plights. He has no concern for any excepting of course the object of his love. Bataille believes we need to comply with reasonable adult conventions6 in order for society to survive, but Heathcliff doesnt want to participate in this order of things. He wants to keep his infantile freedom7, where the laws of society and conventional politeness do not affect Catherine and himself. Bataille believes this is his main reason for acting as he does, because he has been banished from the kingdom of childhood, but wants to return to it, so will sto p at nothing to regain it8, and the freedom he had in it. But isnt Bataille contradicting himself somewhat here? He is saying now that Heathcliff does what he does as a means to an end, rather than just doing it out of pure sadism, so perhaps his deeds are not purely Evil? However, despite this possibility of contradictions, Heathcliff must still be deemed as Evil, because for whatever reason he commits the sins against others, he is doing it because he can, and he disregards the consequences for his victims, which is in itself intrinsically Evil. So in the eyes of the world, Heathcliff represents Evil, and all it stands for. But, as Bataille himself says, Heathcliff believes he represents Good and reason9. Heathcliff is questioning society and its limits, and this is where the theme of transgression becomes important. Heathcliff is trying to transgress through society and its laws, and so he represents opposition to social restrictions. Bataille describes this transgression as a tragic violation of the law, which leads the novel to have a certain affinity with Greek tragedy atonement is connected with transgression. Bataille says that it is not the laws that Heathcliff is trying to transgress that are denounced, but the domain that these laws deny, the forbidden domain. Humanity banishes this domain to us, but Bataille says this only serves to magnify it, and so in essence make us want it more the ban beautifies that to which it prevents access10. In trying to reach this domain, the perpetrators suffer; Catherine dies due to her infidelity to the spirit, and Heathcliff has to endure the agony of life without her. Therefore, in the unlimited world of literature, it can be said that we are given lessons on what happens to those who try and transgress the laws of our society. Over time, as Bataille points out, reason has replaced the primitive taboos, and we have learnt that certain things should be avoided if we do not want to suffer. This can occur easily through literature, as no real beings suffer, but we can recognise what it would be like if there were no rules or limits to live by, or if we refused to live by those limits. Literature can reveal a process of breaking these laws without trying to create another order, simply because it can do this. It only needs to be what it is; it does not need to create anything else. Perhaps literature provides the lesson we need to avoid trying to go beyond rationality in our lives? So, if literature does perform this task, then can it still be called guilty? Would not this make it more of a constraint on society rather than something that could be cal led a bad influence? So perhaps the instant of escape that literature provides can be seen as similar to the eternal escape that death provides? The two can be similarly described both are unlimited in certain senses. In literature, we lose ourselves in something other than ourselves, and this is also true of death, and as Bataille says, what this other thing11 is is not important it is still something that transcends the common limitations we are all subject to. Both provide an escape of some kind, even if one is of more of a permanent nature. Through literature, we are exploring the world of the moment that it presents, and by death we are exploring whatever (if there is anything at all) lies beyond this life. Bataille believes that, in writing Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte had fathomed the very depths of Evil12. From his study, it seems that perhaps you have to be Evil yourself to write literature at all, because you have to be unlimited free of restraints and as we know, to lack these constraints is seen as Evil. Jacques Blondel13 believes Bronte emancipated herself from all prejudice of an ethical or social order, and he believes this liberation is necessary to every artist. He also says this can be felt most intensely by those in whom ethical values are most deeply rooted14, as they have a thorough knowledge of Good, so can easily present the opposite. Due to these values, Bronte is able to resolve the problems in her novel this manly being the purity of love being regained in its intimate truth, which as Bataille said, is that of death. It seems true to say that only by knowing Good can you know Evil to know the opposite of something is essential in defining it, for example, the states of hot and cold. Also, we could say that Brontes own views may have been reflected in Catherine; someone who is capable of total love (we know this when she says, I am Heathcliff15) but also recognises the need to live by the restraints of life, even though in her case it seems to do her little good in the end (admittedly, had she not followed the constraints bound upon her in her patriarchal society, then her and Heathcliff may have married and ended up as beggars, but Heathcliff would probably have preferred this anyway, so this can be seen in two ways). Bataille also says that Bronte identified herself with Catherine, and both were absolutely moral 16 this is in fact what causes Catherines demise, as she cannot detach herself from loving the man she did as a child. Also, she was unable to love without limits, as Heathcliff did, and so she died paradoxically she achieved a love without limits through death which she could not achieve in life. But to extend the paradox further, she now has this lo ve that she needed in life, but has no use for it now in death. Bataille says that Evil therefore, if we examine it closely, is not only the dream of the wicked; it is to some extent the dream of the Good17. If we accept this, and accept Batailles use of the term Evil, then can literature be as guilty as we first thought? We have seen that it is indeed guilty in a number of ways it is outside our social constraints, and can do whatever it pleases, so much so that we can perhaps even call it dangerous, and Bataille even believes it can be compared to the severity of the infringement of moral laws18. As with the sexual act, literature allows us to turn inwardly to ourselves, and to forget the rules we normally live by when not in this mystical state. It is an extension of the passion that we experience through eroticism an extension of the moment of disregard for the future and its consequences. However, perhaps this Evil is necessary to us? Bataille says this Evil may help us recognise that a sovereign part of ourselves is free from the limitations and necessities which we acknowledge in everyday life, and perhaps this sovereign part takes over when we die? This could explain our inner attraction towards death, as the release from these constraints of mortal life. So, as Bataille says Evil is always the object of an ambiguous condemnation19. It is bad to have no concern for the future or rationality, so when literature causes this in us, then it must be found guilty. So it seems Bataille is justified in pointing to the guilt of literature, as it culpable of the charges he brings to it, but the important question is whether or not this causes literature itself to be Evil? I do not think it can, because as we have seen, it may do more good than harm to society, because we can learn from it the consequences of refraining from following rationality and order in life. Bataille is, then, justified in saying literature is guilty, because he proves his case, but it cannot be said that it is guilty of anything bad, so the conclusion we must draw here seems to be that literature is guilty of something but something other than being evil.

Prevention Of Baby Dumping Essay Example

Prevention Of Baby Dumping Essay Example Prevention Of Baby Dumping Essay Prevention Of Baby Dumping Essay PREVENTION OF BABY DUMPING Child is a priceless gift from Allah SWT but some children are viewed as problems to be thrown away rather than gifts to be treasured. There are some steps that can prevent this problem from early stage and also how to solve the problem of baby dumping. * Sexuality Education To prevent baby dumping, it is therefore is necessary to educate individuals about sexuality. We support age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education, and recommends that schools and communities provide comprehensive sexuality education to all teenagers and families. An issue that must be focusing is about the prohibition of close proximity between men and women as Prophet Muhammad SAW said ‘Whoever believes in Allah and the last day must never be in proximity with a woman without there being a mahram with her, for otherwise shaitan (iblis) will be the third person (with them). † * Families and communities role Parents especially must be made aware of the essential of their roles in promoting good moral and religious values and standard of conduct. Parents should also supervise their children’s activities inside or outside home, know who they are mixing with and advise them to find a good company. Teenagers who experiencing unwanted pregnancies must receive support and advices to avoid shame and also mental depression. * Mass Media Mass media also is one of the ways to prevent baby from being abandoned. It is the best way to communicate and educate teenagers. It all about how to protect themselves and give useful knowledge to avoid from them from involve in anything that can lead them to this problem. Besides that, the suitable sex therapists or psychologist could be presenters on sex education programme. The media also should prevent the easy access to immoral material in the internet that can poison the teenager’s mind that can lead them to this problem. * The Government role The government also must involve overcoming this problem from step by step and taking this matter seriously. Baby hatch is indeed good way to help single mother who cannot afford to take care the baby and nowadays ‘Sekolah Harapan’ or School of has already been opened for person who involved in unwanted pregnancy. ‘Sekolah Harapan’ is a school that offer continued education that can lead to a brighter future for the pregnant teens as well as their unborn babies. In this school, they provide the academic, religious and moral classes run by Malacca Islamic Department. They also offer proper post-natal and pre-natal medical care for them. Even though there are some people protests about this school as such a school may encourage pregnancies out-of-wedlock but where the babies are concern, this seems to be one option that can stop the baby dumping and save the lives of those innocent babies as one of the objective of shariah (maqasid shariah) is to protect the life and lineage. Furthermore, this school provide such education to the young mother in hope that they can change and be responsible human beings. Why don’t we give them chance to change as they also deserve a second chance. Having sex after marriage is safer and it can reduce the abortion and baby dumping rate. It also helps us to be more responsible and not to have sex just to satisfy our lust† EFFECTS OF BABY DUMPING Effect on individual * Health: Risk of death due to bleeding caused by improper way on delivering the baby and taking medicine to abort the baby without consult with the doctor. This may lead to mental and emotion depression. * Educa tion: Those who involve in this problem may be expelled from the school. They cannot continue to study and this may affect their future. Mental pressure: After finding out that their children is pregnant out-of-wedlock, the parents feel disgrace and started to ask them to leave the family rather than giving them a moral support. Effect on infants * The baby may face difficulties in growing up without a proper care. They feel unwanted and unloved and these can lead to depression. They also have problem to form strong relationship with others because of confidence lacking. Effect on society * Community hate people who dump his or her baby in the trash and leave them to death. This brings negative views in society.

TAKE HOME EXAM for the class ECONOMICS OF RACE AND GENDER Essay

TAKE HOME EXAM for the class ECONOMICS OF RACE AND GENDER - Essay Example people across the world can allow people to understand the facts of life and also allows people to be more sensitive and caring about the differences of people across the world and also within their own society (Bucher). Diversity can allow people to learn about the cultural differences in society and can assist people improve the overall living conditions. The class has allowed us to learn more about diversity and how to deal with the diverse cultures. This in turn is very helpful learn the economic impact of the diverse cultures. The level of globalization and the number of different cultures that are present in the society help create newer opportunities and chances for people to develop links with others and use this as a chance to improve the economic conditions. Hence the impact of diversity clearly has very strong and effective impact on the economics of any society. Working in groups for presentations simply assists the presentation to be improved to a great extent. Group presentations can be very useful as it brings in the individual talents and resources of different individuals of different cultures and diverse backgrounds and make a pool of talent. It also helps in covering the mistakes of one member and allows the other members to provide support to each other in times of difficulties, it also allows productivity to be increased through peer group pressure and helps encourage the members be more focused at the topic. Also since all the members work together on developing the presentation, each person has a personal attachment to the entire presentation. All members feel equally responsible for the positives as well as negatives of the presentation and there is a higher commitment from each member of the group. The main disadvantages of the group presentations is the possible conflicts among the team members and also the major issues of gro up presentations is the possibility of a single person hogging away all the time and credit of the presentation.

Social Media and Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Social Media and Marketing - Essay Example 54; Zhivov, Scheepers & Stockdale, 2011, p. 1). Academic inquiries into the power of social media in communication has indicated a growing preference of social media as replacement of traditional forms of communication such as mobile telephone communication, the use of e-mails, letter writing, and some forms of internet-based communication. It might be necessary to appraise the power of social media in terms of the kind of synergies that have been brought into the discourse of marketing. The advantages range from the time factor, cost of operation, to convenience and other aspects of communication (Zarrella, 2009, p. 164; Zhivov, Scheepers & Stockdale, 2011). However, some experts have established that the effectiveness of social media is highly dependent on various factors such as timing and the target groups. Studies conducted on the use of social media have shown that there are demographic variations in the manner in which the virtual communities use the internet resource. Matters of age, race, gender, religion, personality, and others determine the demographic variables. These demographic variables determine the trends of usage, the kind of interests in the usage, and the levels of connections. Equally, the levels of education, social status, and geographical reasons have also been shown to affect the manner in which social media is used by different people. Exploiting the opportunities availed by social media for the purposes of communication and marketing requi re a balance of the various factors that relate to its usage. Some businesses have been able to harness the power of social media for effective marketing while others have faced various challenges in the process. According to some marketing experts, the type of business determines the appropriateness of the marketing strategy. However, studies have shown that both the service sector and the products sector have adopted social media marketing to enhance their reach to the client base. Social Media and Marketing Strategies Businesses across the world are increasingly turning to social media as an efficient and cost-effective marketing strategy (Tuten & Solomon, 2012, p. 91). Different businesses have developed varying strategies of using social media for the purposes of marketing. According to some communication experts, the type of reach of social media to vast audiences is determined by the way in which companies package the marketing message. The choice of language and use of graph ic illustrations have been shown as some of the ways that affect the effectiveness of social media marketing. The kind of language used in marketing determines the kind of audience that will be attracted by the advertisement (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Social media has created a community that is defined by a special kind of language. The language varies from the standard forms in the sense that it defines the standard forms and structures of language. There is a casual sense in the language that enables some ease of communication among those who subscribe to it. The effectiveness of communication is highly dependent on the ability of the company to adopt this language and use it appropriately to achieve its marketing objectives. Marketing and advertisement often targets the conscious and subconscious minds of the target

Blogs and communication Essay Example for Free

Blogs and communication Essay Corporate blogging is a new method of communication in which employees of different firms and corporations are allowed to express themselves in the current trend in media communications. Several studies suggest that corporate blogs should be limited to only conveying of information beneficial for the company or firm, and thus there is the need to create a strategic management scheme for blogging. As a form of communication, blogs can certainly evolve into a more powerful means of communication. This power entailed in written texts of blogs shall be seen as a tool in encompassing more productive results of the business sector. According to Business Week Online issued in 2006, A Weblog (or blog) can be a powerful marketing tool, but it can also expose a business to a legal minefield as reported by Jacqueline Klosek. â€Å"Blogs can be used to market a companys products and services, facilitate communications with clients, and even counter negative publicity. † (Klosek, 2006). From the research, many benefits of corporate blogging have been found: it is a tool for search engine marketing, an aide in building the company’s reputation as a thought leader, a good support in crisis management, tool for building relationships with customers, used as a human voice to a company, illustrates transparency, immediate customer service and feedback, acts as differentiator, and tool to find out what others think about you and your company. Presently, corporations are now much more concerned about their reputations. The vigilant companies realize that knowledge is power in cyberspace. They are trolling chat rooms, discussion boards, online news media and Web sites run by their competitors and critics to detect rumblings that could end up making headlines if a reporter or financial analyst discovers them first (Alsop 2004, 21). The existence of cyberspace, wherein the transfer of information is relatively faster than it was ten years ago has just become a threat to the reputations of corporations which are forced to enter cyberspace for more exposure. Corporate blogging is one dependable medium which corporations may pursue in order to protect their reputations and cut of their costs in terms of crises scenarios which could have been avoided. Although, the most of the companies set up corporate blogs for the purpose of promoting their services, building their good image or gaining any other befits. There is however a limitation in blogging, since legal problems may arise in the process. â€Å"Careless statements posted on a company-sanctioned blog can come back to haunt the company through litigation and other avenues† Klosek stresses. Blogs can cause violations on intellectual-property rights since most corporate blogs do not have specific rules that can be followed by the employees. Trade secrets may be revealed accidentally risking the protected status of company information. Disclosure of trade secrets can jeopardize the blogger’s career since this problem may cause his suspension or termination from his position. From many studies and articles written about corporate blogs, the question has been raised on insufficient management. The integrity rules for protection and management of blogs are expected to be established immediately. This research proposal aims to determine that how does corporate blog as a kind of new innovation be widely adopted and used by the both of the individual blogger and various organizations? What are the benefits of the corporate blogs bring to the organizations? How the public perceives corporate blogging as a kind of new innovation? What are the perceived relative advantages of corporate blogging according to the bloggers? Why is it to be welcome and popular as a successful new innovation? Is corporate blogging compatible with the existing values and practices of the bloggers? 1. 2 Overview of the Structure This proposal is structured into several sections. This section provides the audience with the motivations, objectives and a brief introduction to the research proposal. In the following sections, it includes the Literature review concerning blogging phenomenon and the process of this successful innovation, the benefits and limitation will be critically reviewed to provide a background for the research theme. In order to further understand real world practices, a theoretical framework is introduced. In section 3, known as Diffusion of innovation theory will be applied in the analysis part. The DIO theory is also used in combination with literature review to analyze and illuminate primary data, which will be used to answer the research question and the respective supporting the arguments. Section 4 describes the research methodology and various techniques which the author used to collate empirical data. In this section, the case research has been choosing to track and understand the history of the perception and adoption of blogs as a new innovation by the successful corporation in the business industry. An interview will also be carried out in the research process. The interview will help to find out the relationship between the employer and internal blogger, and further testify, discover and summarize the effects and benefits of the corporate blog as a new innovation. Finally, the discussion and the conclusion sections will be given to summarize of the expectation of findings, contributions, limitations of the research and points in which the research could further be improved or developed. 2 Literature review 2. 1 Understanding of blogs A weblog or blog is a form of an online journal. Schiano, Nardi, Gumbrecht, and Swartz (2004) defined blogs as â€Å"frequently updated web pages with a series of archived posts, typically in reverse chronological order†. According to Gordon (2006), blogs use â€Å"straightforward content management tool, allowing web pages and entries to be created and updated easily, without the need to worry about design or architecture issues† (Gordon, 2006). Although blog posts are primarily textual, authors may also include photos or other multimedia content in their posts. The blog is the fourth biggest communication tool after the e-mail, BBS and ICQ. According to Cooke (2005), about 70 million blogs exist and over 75,000 blogs are being created each day. Blogs is indeed increasingly becoming popular. Sprague (2007) traced the growth and evolution of blogs. He also discussed how businesses use blogs to communicate with customers. There are different kinds of blogs present today at cyberspace. The most popular ones are personal blogs, service, and corporate blogs (Geerts and Kim 2005, 12). Personal Blogs provide information about the thoughts, interests and activities of different people whether they are individuals or are blogging by groups or affiliations. Service blogs are often topic oriented and they are context specific and much informative than personal blogs. Some groups use service blogs to introduce new technologies and recent development regarding the corresponding technologies which they present. Finally, the corporate blog which is created and maintained by a business entity, and is used to provide information about the company’s products and services and to interact with clients and customers. (Geers and Kim 2005, 12). Since most scholars who work in the area of life writing have chosen to see blogs as a development of the handwritten diary (Rak 2005, 166) more and more people engage in writing in blogspots or blogsites. There are both threats and advantages which corporate blogging gives to the corporations. At some point, corporate blogging has strengthened the transparency and corporate communications. Since at present, Corporate communication channels include not only printed materials but also information posted on a company’s Web sites and blogs (Argenti 2006, 358). However, some corporations fail to further improve their corporate communications because they limit their corporation’s blogspots only to their employees and their advertisers. It is highly doubtful whether they have fully utilized the capabilities of new two-way communication tools because more corporate home pages have been primarily used as a platform to push mundane advertising messages (Liu et al. , 1997; Salam et. al. 1998; Young and Benamati, 2000). Another point presents the fact that, there might be leaks in confidential corporate information which might be given out through the engagement to blogs of employees. Cases of such has led to the termination of employees active in Web blogs, which gives a corporate disadvantage as it losses some of its quality workforce due to the lack of policies and rules which apply to blogs. A good example would be the Delta Air Lines flight attendant who lost her job after she posted photos of herself in uniform on her blog. Delta stated that those photos, in which she is wearing Delta uniform with the blouse partly unbuttoned, were â€Å"inappropriate and unauthorized use of Delta branding† (USA Today, 2005). Web blogs is a critical accessory in information dissemination, yet at the same time, it might cause some corporate failures, as although the Internet allows companies to present their viewpoints directly to key constituents, control over information dissemination is lost (Ihator 2001). There are several studies that investigate the nature of blogs and bloggers. Schiano et. al. (2004) interviewed 23 bloggers between the ages 19 and 60. The interviews included questions about the participant’s blogs, blogging habits, thoughts on blogging, and use of other communication media such as e-mails, instant messaging, phone, and web pages. They found out that blogging is becoming increasingly popular because it serves as an easy-to-use personal journal in which he can express his thoughts and opinions. Nardi, Schiano and Gumbrecht (2004) describe blogs as a social activity. They interviewed the same population and questions as with their study entitled â€Å"Blogging by the Rest of Us†. After the interviews, the authors continued to read their participants’ blogs and communicate with some of them through email. The participants reported the reasons they started blogging, the reasons they continue blogging, and the changes in their blogging habits as time pass by. A variety or reasons emerge: readers inform bloggers they need the new posts; the friends influence their friend to blog. Due to these responses, Nardi et. al. (2004) conclude that blogs are â€Å"a form of social communication in which blogger and audience are intimately related through the writing, posting and commenting of blogs† . (Nardi, 2004) These studies give us an idea on the perceptions of bloggers about blogs in general. 2. 2 Corporate blogs and applications in the real world Different types of blogs have been posted in the internet ever since the adoption of different corporations in the late 1990’s. Corporate blogs however have different types in which each is branded according to the specific user or blogger. Dearstyne (2005) cites five different types of corporate blogs as: employee blog, group blog, executive blog, promotional blog, and newsletter blog. Employee blogs are blogs which are much like personal blogs and are maintained by a single rank-and-file employee. They vary in their content and are sometimes managed by different hosts which the corporations recognize. Although, often times, corporations gather all the blogs their employees post. Majority of employee blogs are still hosted independently of the Web site, employee blogs are increasingly being hosted independently of the company Web sit, employee blogs are increasingly being hosted on company-owned domains as more and more companies are officially sponsoring employee blogging. (Lee et. al. 2006, 319). Group Blogs are blogs which are written by several people or groups. Employees collaborate and write on a specific topic or different topics pertaining to a certain theme; they are made by those who are experts on the certain topics. Group blogs are sometimes made through the initiatives of employees themselves and self-hosted. Though, many group blogs are driven by strategic plans crafted by management and hosted by companies own Web sites (Lee et. al. 2006, 320). Executive Blogs, coming from the name itself, executive blogs are blogs which are written by various corporations’ executives. Corporations and consumers have been keener on what position blog writers are on as awareness about corporate standing is widespread. People have become more interested in top executives who run companies than in individual companies (Gaines-Ross 2000). Promotional blogs are those which primary purpose is to create a buzz about products and events of corporations. This blog however sparks controversy as most of the blogs which are promotional blogs are often times computer generated and is largely called as fake by some bloggers who remain critical about using blogspots as advertising media. The blogging community severely criticized this strategy as deceptive and bloggers even proposed product boycotts (Gallagher 2003). This case suggests that, marketing in the blogsphere is often times discouraged due to the lack of human voice in the ads which are placed in the blogsphere. Some corporations have moved from the traditional type of blog with a domain, and instead created a newsletter type of blog wherein opinions, thoughts, and positions of different corporate or organizational members are voiced out. They carry different information about the corporation, the people inside the corporation, and the corporation’s products which are widely discussed by members of the organization through the electronic newsletter. Sprague (2007) further explains the influence of blogs to the American society. There is an increasing number of both bloggers and blog readers each day. At present, the blog has already extended its influence to the business society. Blogs are reported to influence what people think, do and buy. By the summer 2005, it is estimated that there are nearly 5,000 corporate blogs. Nowadays, there are a number of companies who have already set up their own corporate blogs. Aside from the influx of bloggers, talking about anything and practically everything under the sun, in some countries wherein political turmoil is prominent and shouting against a regime could practically lose you your head. Blogspheres are considered as sanctuaries wherein anyone could voice off their thoughts. In Iran, the Blogsphere is one of the major mediums wherein the populace could voice out their political positions freely with minimal risk of persecution. Any foreigner who visits Iran is struck by the gap between the image projected by the regime to the outside world and the reality of Iranian society. The blogs quoted here vividly convey the bitter disillusionment many Iranians feel not just towards the hard-line mullahs, but toward the failed reformist project and its erstwhile leader (Berkeley 2006, 73). The safeness and freedom of the blogosphere from any political and other accusations which may arise from its use due to the arbitrariness of the policies governing the blogosphere may be seen as an advantage of corporate personalities in advertising and the diffusion of their advocacy especially in corporate social responsibility.